What is the definition of a market failure?

• A. When the market efficiently distributes resources
• B. When the market doesn't distribute needs efficiently
• C. When there is an abundance of goods in the market
• D. When the government regulates the market

Answer: (B)

A market failure occurs when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. This typically means that the market fails to distribute resources in a way that reflects the true needs of society, leading to situations where some individuals cannot access necessary goods or services, even though there may be enough overall supply. Market failures can arise due to various reasons, such as externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, or monopolies, all of which can prevent the market from reaching an efficient equilibrium where resources are optimally allocated.

In this context, the correct definition accurately highlights that market failure refers to the inefficient distribution of needs, distinguishing it from scenarios where the market achieves efficient resource distribution or is characterized by regulations or abundance of goods. Understanding this concept is crucial, as it helps identify when intervention may be necessary to correct inefficiencies and improve overall welfare.